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1. Heavy Duty Fleet Trucks Burn Ethanol
2. Trucking Institute Demonstrates Alternative Fuels in Heavy Vehicles
3. Simultaneous Combustion of Natural Gas and Biogas
4. Bed-mixing Dryer for Moist Biomass Fuels
5. Combustion of Large Round Bales of Wheat Straw Provides Heat for Farm Use
6. Farm Heating Provided by Combustion of Large Square Bales of Linseed Straw
7. Large-scale Batch-wise Anaerobic Digestion of Vegetable Garden and Fruit Waste  Produces Biogas
8. Demonstration of Large-scale Anaerobic Treatment of Organic Waste for the Production of Biogas
9. Biodiesel Production from Waste Fats and Alcohol, with Testing Tailored to Native American Values
10. Harvester Collects Mesquite Shrub for Biofuels
11. Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge at Kingsbridge, Devon
12. Food Processing Effluent as an Energy Source
13. Cotton Stalk Harvester Collects Agricultural Waste for Use as Fuel
14. Rapeseed Oil Biodiesel Production in the South Eastern US
15. Co-firing Shredded Switchgrass in a 50 MW Pulverized Coal Boiler
16. Idaho Potato Waste Converted to Biodiesel for Engine Tests
17. Switchgrass Variety Trials in the Upper South-east of America
18. Pilot Scale Conversion of Paper in Municipal Solid Waste to Ethanol Fuel
19. Peoria District Operates Ethanol Bus Fleet
20. Miami Tests Alternative Fuels in Buses
21. Ethanol-powered Buses Reduce Vehicle Emissions in Stockholm
22. Light-duty Vehicles Use Ethanol in a National Demonstration in the USA
23. Light-duty Government Vehicles Employ Methanol Blend Fuel
24. Biomass Co-generation Power Plant at Forssa, Finland
25. Wood Chip Fired Heating System for a Farm and Cottage
26. Waste and Scrap Wood Combustion with Pollution Reduction Connected to District Heating System
27. Waste-wood Combustion in Greenhouses
28. Wood Chip Fuelled Boiler for Small Scale Industrial Use
29. Wood Fired Heating for a Large Stately Home on Drayton Estate
30. Steam Production by Burning Residual Materials in a Fluidised Bed Boiler
31. Allingabro District Heating Plant
32. Wood Fuel Chips Delivered to the Roadside in a Single Processing Run
33. Direct Combustion Efficiencies of Wood-fired Systems Tested at Seven Sites in the USA
34. Willow and Poplar Coppice Provide Fuel for Small Scale Industrial and Domestic Heating
35. Wood Chips Provide Space Heating and Hot Water for a Small Group of Buildings
36. Co-production of High Quality Pulp Chips and Wood Fuel in Finland
37. Cloning Silver Maple for Energy Crop Cultivation
38. Conversion of Combustible Waste into a Usable Fuel
39. Electricity Production from Wood Waste Reduces Air Pollution
40. Highly Valued Living Comfort Provided by Wood Stoves and Active and Passive Use of Solar Energy
41. Locally Available Wood Chips Used as Fuel for a Small District Heating System
42. Wood and Coal Co-firing at 108 MW Level
43. Pulsed Fuel Agitation Helps Small Application Grate Combustion Unit Burn Biomass
44. Maabjerg Combined Heat and Power Plant
45. Rotating Grate Technology for the Combustion of Wet Biomass and Waste Fuels
46. Recovering the Energy in the Flue Gases of a District Heating Plant Using an Absorption Heat Pump
47. Short Rotation Coppice Provides Fuel for Heating
48. Regional Testing of 'Populus' Clones for Wood Fuel
49. Direct Fuel Cells in a Rural Situation Achieve Dual Energy Production
50. Gasification / Combustion of Waste Wood in a Boiler
51. Black Liquor Gasification Produces a Clean Hydrogen-rich Gas
52. Wood Gasification Installation for Heating a Horticulture Greenhouse
53. Vermont Wood Chip Plant Verifying High-throughput Gasification Technology
54. New Technology for Wet and Dry Woodfuel in Small-scale Heating Plant
55. Ethanol-powered Buses in Skaraborg - a Proven Technology
56. Flexible Fuel Vehicles. A Technology to Assist the Market Penetration of Ethanol
57. Ethanol-powered Trucks for Use in Urban Area
58. Biomass-fired Superheater for more Efficient Electricity Generation from Waste  Incineration Plants
59. Green Electricity from Wood Residue

Technical Brochures

51: Ethanol as Aviation Fuel, USA

Aviation gasoline, the only leaded fuel remaining in the US transportation fuel  market, is to be phased out. This brochure describes a project which   demonstrates that ethanol represents a viable alternative. Aircraft fuelled by ethanol from a variety of agricultural wastes have been  flown at airshows in the  USA, South America and Europe. The brochure gives details of  economics and engine performance. (Printed 1997)

58: Food Production Using Biomass Technology (USA)

A coffee roasting system using wood chips has been developed by a US company. A  year-long demonstration of the roasting method showed that biomass combustion can be  a safe, low-cost alternative to the use of natural gas  in a food processing operation. The system uses proprietary furnace technology  characterised by thermal control and clean combustion, which, when used  with  wood chips, achieves an even, slow roast, resulting in high-quality coffee flavour. The technology has potential for use in other medium-temperature  applications in  food processing, district  heating and small-scale energy production.(Printed 1997)

62:  Ethanol-powered Buses Reduce Vehicle Emissions in Stockholm, Sweden

Since  1990, Stockholm's city centre has been served by 32 Scania ethanol-powered buses. These buses generate far lower emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulates  than diesel-powered buses, and there is no net carbon  dioxide effect  as the raw material is based on forestry by-products. The company has been so pleased with the results that it is now phasing out diesel buses. (Printed 1997)

74: The Masnedø CHP Plant  Using Indigenous CO₂ -neutral Fuels, (Denmark)

The  Masnedø plant uses only straw and wood chips as fuel to produce heat for the local town and electricity for the local grid.  The high temperature and pressure  in the boiler ensure a higher efficiency compared to other  straw-fired CHP plants.(Printed 1998)

88: The Sabro Straw-fired District Heating Plant, Denmark

This straw-fired district heating plant  provides and annual fuel-to-heat efficiency of 85%.  The ashes are used as fertiliser, and an oxygen sensor  secures optimum  combustion conditions with minimum emissions of unburned compounds.  The straw replaces 1.4  million m3 of natural gas and provides CO₂-neutral energy.

91: Ethanol Buses in Skaraborg

In Sweden, a programme to demonstrate the use of ethanol as a fuel for buses, truck and cars has been underway since 1991.  More than 300  ethanol-powered  buses are now running in various cities  across the country.  Skaraborg has a fleet of 15 buses with third-generation ethanol engines.  The project has been running  for 5 years and has demonstrated that  ethanol is a technically viable fuel option.

95: Straw-fired CHP Plant in Rudkøbing

The Danish straw-fired CHP plant at Rudkøbing was one of the first CHP plants to  use locally-produced straw as its only feedstock.  It has become a model plant, as it  was previously believed to be difficult to produce both heat and power from  an inhomogeneous fuel such as straw when efficient cleaning of flue gas was also a requirement.  The plant  has a capacity of 2.3 MW electricity  and 7.5 MJ/s heat.

96: The World's First Straw-fired CHP Plant Offers Environmental Benefits

The Haslev CHP plant in Denmark is the first in the world  to use straw for heating and power generation with no overall greenhouse effect.  The total net efficiency is   about 86 per cent of the calorific value of the straw, giving an energy loss of just 14 per  cent.  The plant has a nominal capacity of 5 MW electricity and 13 MJ/s heat.

104: A Biomass CHP Plant in Växjö, Sweden

A new CHP plant, which uses only biomass as fuel, has been built by a Swedish energy company.  The plant, which has an output of 38 MW_e and 66 MW_th, serves the entire heating requirement of the Växjö district and 30–40% of it's electricity needs.  About 146,000  tonnes of CO₂ emissions are avoided annually by using the new plant. (Printed 1999)

109: Biopellets Replace Oil in a District Heating System

The annual energy demand of the Agricultural University of Norway used to exceed 1 million litres of oil, but now more than 90% of this is being met by 2,200 tonnes of biopellets. The 3.6 MW plant supplies around 11 million kWh/year of heat and has reduced emissions of CO2 and SO2. Biopellets have a 20–30% higher density than typical biomass pellets. (Printed 2000)

112: Biogas Combined Heat and Power in Sweden

In this project, 50–60 apartment blocks are supplied with both electricity and heat from a CHP plant which processes about 30,000 tonnes/year of manure and around 5,000 tonnes/year of organic waste from industry. Since starting operation, the biogas plant has provided 3,000–4,000 m3/day of gas, producing 450 kW of electricity and 650 kW of heat.

114: Wood Waste as a Substitute for Coal

A 635 MW power station in the Netherlands is fuelled by coal and waste wood. The wood, a mixture of forestry and demolition waste, is pulverised before being combusted in four specially designed burners.  Waste wood replaces about 45,000 tonnes/year of coal, saving 110,000 tonnes/year of carbon dioxide emissions. (Printed 2000)

116: Wood Chip Gasifier Supplies Heat to a Small Community

A full-scale gasification system supplies district heating to a community of about 560 houses in a small town in Denmark. The system consists of an updraught gasifier, a gas purifying system and a gas burner. The plant, which uses conventional wood chips has been operational since 1993, and a development programme to optimise the gasifier has now been completed. (Printed 2000)

117: Wet Biomass Use at the New Oslo International Airport

Oslo's new international airport has a district heating system based on biomass with up to 65 percent moisture content.  Some initial difficulties were overcome during the first year of operation and, in 1999, the heating plant delivered about 54 GWh.  The use of forestry residues to provide this heat avoids the use of about 40 GWh/year of fuel oil. (Printed 2000)

123: Green Electricity from the Combustion of Clean Waste Wood

A CHP unit extracts the maximum energy benefit from 15,600 tonnes/year of clean wood residue at a sawmill and woodworking factory in the Netherlands.  The plant produces 7 GWh of electricity, which is distributed to 1,800 households. Heat from the condenser is used in the sawmill's wood-drying sheds. (Printed 2000)

136: A Multi-purpose Bioenergy Plant Producing Electricity, Heat and Biopellets

In Sweden, a biomass-fuelled CHP plant integrated with a biopellet production facility generates about 170 GWhe and 230 GWhth annually.  The plant can also produce 29 tonnes/hour of biopellets at full capacity.   The heat generated by the plant is used for local district heating and the rate of pellet production can be varied to suit the heat demand. (Printed 2000)

139: Installation of a Biomass-fuelled Boiler at a Coal-fired CHP  Plant

A straw boiler equipped with a superheater fired by wood chips has been fitted in parallel with a conventional coal-fired boiler at a power  station in Denmark. Both boilers provide steam to the same high-pressure steam  turbine which generates electricity and provides heat for a local district heating system. The new biomass-fuelled boiler has reduced coal consumption and  carbon dioxide emissions. (Printed 2000)

147: Wood Fuel Heating at a UK School

A 350 kW wood-fired boiler demonstration project in a UK school is stimulating rural employment and sustainable development.  The school's heating system is fuelled by locally-grown wood supplied by a co-operative of local farmers and agricultural contracotrs. The wood chip fuel is derived from woodland thinnings and from short-roation forestry crops. (Printed 2001)

149: Combined Heat and Power Plant Burns Woodchips and Biogas

A woodchip-fired CHP plant in a Danish village has been modified to include a biogas plant. The plant supplies a district heating network and the electricity it generates is sold to the grid. Biogas for the plant is produced by anaerobic digestion of local biomass and the residue from the digestion process is returned to local farms for use as fertiliser. (Printed March 2001)

150: Effective Treatment and Recycling of Livestock Waste

Yagi bio-ecology Center (Yagi BEC), in an agricultural area in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, generates electricity in a CHP plant using biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste. Manure from 1,500 pigs and 650 cattle, together with waste from soy bean curd production, provides enough biogas to generate 2,400 kWh/day, a large proportion of which is used in the plant itself. Yagi BEC also earns revenue for treating livestock waste. (Printed March 2001)

151: Straw-based "Neighbour Heating" in Denmark

In recent years, some Danish farmers have invested in extra-large straw-fired boilers to supply heat to one or more neighbours, thus utilising their own straw production.  This is particularly applicable in rural areas, where the installation of conventional district heating plants is too expensive. This brochure features a simple straw-fired neighbour heating system that supplies heat to 70 homes and local municipal facilities. (Printed March 2001)

Newsletter Articles

2/93 Arable Coppice - a Growing Issue - UK
3/94 Development of Biodiesels Continues - Finland
2/96 Norway's Energy Farm
3/96 Biomass Harvesting in Western USA: An Overview
4/97 Prospects for Energy Crops in the Netherlands - also available in pdf
1/98 Progress with Bio-refinery - also available in pdf
2/98 Renewable Energy for Heating and Cooling at the New Oslo International   Airport - also available in pdf
2/98 Installation of a Biomass-fuelled Bioler at an Existing  Coal-fired Power Plant - also available in pdf
3/98 Swedish biomass CHP plant - also available in pdf
3/98 Europe's biggest biomass power station - also available in pdf
4/98 Boiler system for dry and moist biofuel - also in pdf format
2/99 Wood fuel goes to school in the UK - also in pdf format
2/99 Cereals: an alternative energy source - also in pdf format
3/99 Biomass offers intergrated solutions in Australia - also in pdf format
3/99 Energy from waste and biomass - also as pdf format
4/99 New small-scale CHP plant for biomass fuels - also as pdf format
1/00 Parallel combustion of biomass - also in pdf format
2/00 Pellet power: a multi-purpose bioenergy plant - also in pdf format
3/00 Wood fuel goes back to the future - also in pdf format
4/00 Reburning Biomass fly ash - also in pdf format
2/01 “Clean Cities” sparks enthusiasm for alternative transport fuels

Energy Crops Mini-Review (1997)

The Energy Crops Mini-Review, which was held in  Oxford during 1995 and updated  during 1997, was led by Dr Caroline Foster from ETSU (UK). The review covered biomass energy from crops and crop residues, including woody  crops, herbaceous energy crops, commodity crops (such as maize, cereals, rape, soy  bean, etc), forest residues and crop residues. Contributions from eleven countries have been compiled to identify and compare national policies,  barriers to the  deployment of biomass energy, environmental considerations and current market enhancement mechanisims. Part of the study is dedicated to describing the different biomass resources and the conversion mechanisms  used. Some case  studies of recent projects are included in the report.

The final report on the study is available. To obtain a copy, readers in CADDET member countries should contact their National Teams (there may be a charge). For readers from non-member countries, copies are available from the CADDET Centre. at a cost of £25 each (where £ is the UK pound).

Last updated 16 July, 2001

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